Journal: Cancer Pathogenesis and Therapy

Article Title: Metabolic pathways and chemotherapy resistance in acute myeloid leukemia (AML): Insights into Enoyl-CoA hydratase domain-containing protein 3 ( ECHDC3 ) as a potential therapeutic target

doi: 10.1016/j.cpt.2025.08.002

Figure Lengend Snippet: Changes in mitochondrial function following ECHDC3 knockdown. (A) TMRE staining results based on ECHDC3 -knockdown cells. siNC cells emitted bright red-orange fluorescence. Cells treated with a mitochondrial membrane-potential disrupter, CCCP, showed very weak or complete absence of red-orange fluorescence. The average fluorescence intensity of the cells was calculated and quantitatively analyzed. (B–C) mtDNA copy number ( MT–CO1 and MT–CO2 ) was quantified via quantitative RT-PCR; (D) Quantitation of mitochondrial SOD activity, wherein SOD activity decreased in ECHDC3 -knockdown cells. (E) Mitophagy biomarkers were detected via western blotting. β-Actin was used as a control. (F–I) Quantitation of the mitophagy pathway protein. Values were presented as mean ± standard error. ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001. CCCP: Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone; ECHDC3 : Enoyl-CoA hydratase domain-containing protein 3; mtDNA: Mitochondrial DNA; RT-PCR: Real-time polymerase chain reaction; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; TMRE: Tetramethyl rhodamine ethyl ester.

Article Snippet: Western blotting was performed to determine the expression of mitochondrial proteins, using the Mitophagy Antibody Sampler Kit (Cat# 43110, Cell Signaling Technology [CST], MA, USA) and an anti-β-actin mouse monoclonal antibody (Cat# 3700, CST, MA, USA).

Techniques: Knockdown, Staining, Fluorescence, Membrane, Quantitative RT-PCR, Quantitation Assay, Activity Assay, Western Blot, Control, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction

Journal: iScience

Article Title: cGAS/STING sensing in dendritic cells discriminates between daptomycin sensitive and resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115854

Figure Lengend Snippet: TLR2 is required for MutuDC sensing of, but not internalization of MRSA (A) Relative pHrodo labeled MRSA internalization by MutuDC over 4 h following stimulation with DapS A8819 (light blue symbols) or DapR A8817 (dark blue symbols), or media alone (white squares). Prior to stimulation, MutuDC were pre-treated for 1 h with TLR2 blocking antibody (clone T2.5; triangles with dashed lines) or media alone (circles with filled lines). Relative MRSA internalization by each DC subset is expressed as the gMFI of pHrodo. Results show the mean and (SD) of duplicates from one experiment, representative of two independent experiments. (B) Cytokine secretion (pg/mL) by MutuDC stimulated with TLR2 ligand peptidoglycan of S. aureus (PGN-SA) (10 μg/mL) or (C) DapS (A8819; light blue) or DapR (A8817; dark blue) MRSA (MOI of 10) for 18 h. MutuDC were first pre-treated with either TLR2 blocking antibody (dot-filled bars) or media alone (filled bars) as in A, or an isotype control (clone 163D3, empty bars) at 1 μg/mL. Results pooled from four (B) or three (C) independent experiments and expressed as the mean ± SEM, with each symbol (circle, square, and directional triangles) representing paired experimental replicates ( n = 3). Statistical significance determined using paired t test and reported as indicated by an ∗ when p ≤ 0.05. (D) Expression of surface activation markers by MutuDC stimulated with DapS A8819 MRSA. DC were pre-treated with TLR2 blocking antibody (black trace), isotype control (dashed red trace), and media alone (light blue shaded). Unstained control sample is shown for each marker (black dashed trace). Data shown from one experiment, representative of three independent experiments.

Article Snippet: mAB mTLR2- anti-mouse/human TLR2 , InvivoGen , Cat# mab-mtlr2; RRID: AB_763722.

Techniques: Labeling, Blocking Assay, Control, Expressing, Activation Assay, Marker

Journal: iScience

Article Title: 3-Hydroxypropionic acid converts inflammatory macrophage glycolysis into mitochondrial oxidation through GAPDH carboxyethylation

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.116258

Figure Lengend Snippet: GAPDH is modified with carboxyethylation at Cys 247 (A) Mass spectrometry analysis of GAPDH peptide (234–260) with carboxyethylation and 3-HPA (5 mM) incubated with the GAPDH peptide (234–260) at 37 °C for 4 h. (B) SPR analysis of the affinity of the anti-ceC247 antibody for the carboxyethylation modified GAPDH peptide (234–260) and unmodified GAPDH peptide (234–260). (C) ELISA-based binding curve of anti-ceC247 antibody to modified GAPDH peptide (GAPDH ce (234–260)) and unmodified GAPDH peptide (234–260). Data are the means ± SD and n = 3 per group. Statistical significance was determined using two-way ANOVA followed by ∗∗p < 0.01. (D) Chemical structures of cysteine carboxyethylation and cysteine lactylation. (E) Unmodified GAPDH peptide (234–260), carboxyethylated peptide (GAPDH ce (234–260)), and lactylated peptide (GAPDH lac (234–260)) were tested with the anti-ceC247 antibody in dot blot assays. (F) Immunoblots of lysates from 293 T cells overexpressing GAPDH, which were treated with 5 mM 3-HPA and 5 μM MG132. The blots were probed with the anti-ceC247 antibody. (G) 3-HPA incubated with the GAPDH peptide (234–260) at 37 °C for 4 h. An anti-ceC247 antibody and the anti-wtC247 antibody were used in dot blot assays.

Article Snippet: Subsequently, cells were incubated overnight at 4°C with primary antibodies: rabbit anti-GAPDH polyclonal antibody (R1210-1, HUABIO, 1:200 dilution) and mouse anti-ceC247 monoclonal antibody (1:200 dilution).

Techniques: Modification, Mass Spectrometry, Incubation, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Binding Assay, Dot Blot, Western Blot

Journal: iScience

Article Title: 3-Hydroxypropionic acid converts inflammatory macrophage glycolysis into mitochondrial oxidation through GAPDH carboxyethylation

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.116258

Figure Lengend Snippet: 3-HPA-induced carboxyethylation of GAPDH promotes its degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (A) Chemical structure of carboxyethylated cysteine (left) and structures of aspartic acid (D), glutamic acid (E), methionine (M), and cysteine (C). (B) Immunoblot of GAPDH after transient transfection of flag-tagged GAPDH(C), GAPDH(D), GAPDH(M), GAPDH(E) plasmid in 293 T cells at 24 h, 36 h, and 48 h. (C) Immunoblot of GAPDH after CHX treatment. The GAPDH antibody was used to compare the degradation rates of GAPDH(M), GAPDH(E), GAPDH(D), and GAPDH(C). Data are the means ± SD and n = 3 per group. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test ∗p < 0.05; ns, not significant. (D) Immunoblot and quantitative analysis of GAPDH ce after CHX treatment. The anti-ceC247 antibody and anti-GAPDH antibody were used to compare the degradation rates of carboxyethylated GAPDH. Data are the means ± SD and n = 3 per group. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test ∗∗p < 0.01; ns, not significant. (E) Immunoblot and quantitative analysis of GAPDH ce after 3-HPA treatment. The anti-ceC247 antibody and anti-GAPDH antibody were used to compare the content of carboxyethylated GAPDH and total GAPDH. Data are the means ± SD and n = 3 per group. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test ∗p < 0.05; ∗∗p < 0.01; ns, not significant. (F) Immunoblot and quantitative analysis of GAPDH ce in 293 T cells treated with 3-HPA (5 mM) combined with proteasomal inhibitor MG132, autophagic inhibitor Chloroquine, or lysosomal inhibitor Bafilomycin A1. Data are the means ± SD and n = 3 per group. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test ∗∗p < 0.01; ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001; ns, not significant. (G) Immunoprecipitation of GAPDH or GAPDH ce followed by immunoblotting for Myc in 293 T cells transfected with Myc-Ub. Cells were treated with 3-HPA (5 mM) and MG132 (5 μM) for 24 h. (H) Immunoprecipitation of GAPDH or GAPDH ce followed by immunoblotting for Myc in 293 T cells transfected with Myc-Ub mutants (K6O, K11O, K27O, K29O, K33O, K48O, K63O). Cells were treated with 3-HPA (5 mM) for 24 h.

Article Snippet: Subsequently, cells were incubated overnight at 4°C with primary antibodies: rabbit anti-GAPDH polyclonal antibody (R1210-1, HUABIO, 1:200 dilution) and mouse anti-ceC247 monoclonal antibody (1:200 dilution).

Techniques: Ubiquitin Proteomics, Western Blot, Transfection, Plasmid Preparation, Immunoprecipitation